Human Growth Hormones(HGH) essays

Human Growth Hormones(HGH) articles The subject of whether Human Growth Hormone (HGH) ought to be managed to youngsters who are viewed as hormone lacking kids. A few specialists have been given to the genuine investigation of the impacts of Human Growth Hormones and have discovered a ton about this theme since its first use in 1958. Its main known utilization was in 1958 when specialists removed hormones from dead bodies and infused it into hormone inadequate kids. Despite the fact that they saw an expansion in tallness the kids were still supposed to be shorter than normal. During the 1980s the FDA affirmed HGH yet just for use in hormone inadequate kids and older patients who truly need the hormones yet from that point forward HGH wholesalers have transformed their organizations into hundred million dollar organizations because of utilization of the item by muscle heads. In spite of the fact that the utilization of HGH is presently lawful doesn't imply that it is ethically or morally supported by society. In the peru sing two articles I plan to explain any worries of individuals who are contemplating putting themselves or others on Human Growth Hormones. In looking over a few articles about the utilization of HGH in little youngsters to expand the stature of hormone inadequate kids I found an article composed by Jenny Everett, a Popular Science aide manager, where she portrays to us about her sibling who is viewed as hormone insufficient. She poses the inquiry of, would it be a good idea for us to truly be allowing a 9-year-old kid hormone infusions just to reward him for his height? Jenny discloses to us when she gave her initially shot of Humatrope to her younger sibling, he find out about giving the shot than she, this being his 37th infusion. The explanation her 9-year-old younger sibling gets these infusions is on the grounds that he is viewed as in the 1.2 percentile of individuals who won't develop more than 53 when they are completely developed. Human development is an undetectable yet exceptional procedure, a perplexing and minimal comprehended trap of qualities, hormones and different factors ... <!

Technology Changes Role Of Database Administrator :: essays research papers fc

Innovation Changes Role of Database Administrator The database overseer (DBA) is answerable for overseeing and organizing all database exercises. The DBA's expected set of responsibilities incorporates database plan, client coordination, reinforcement, recuperation, by and large execution, and database security. The database overseer assumes an essential job in overseeing information for the business. In the past the DBA work has required sharp specialized aptitudes alongside the board capacity. (Shelly, Cashman, Waggoner 1992). Be that as it may, the appearance on the area of the social database alongside the quickly evolving innovation has adjusted the database manager's job. This has required associations to change the method of taking care of database the executives. (Mullins 1995) Customary database structure and information get to were confounded. The database overseer's activity was to direct all database-arranged assignments. This included database structure and execution, establishment, update, SQL examination and guidance for application engineers.. The DBA was likewise capable for back-up and recuperation, which required numerous unpredictable utility projects that run in a predetermined request. This was a tedious vitality depleting task. (Fosdick 1995) Databases are at present during the time spent mix. Normalizing information, when done predominately by enormous enterprises, is currently separating down to medium- size and little organizations. The lattice of the old and new database causes executives to keep up a few database items on a solitary system. (Wong 1995) Social database the board frameworks fuse complex highlights and segments to help with rationale methodology. This expects associations to extend the conventional way to deal with database the executives and organization. The current database the executives frameworks not just offer information, they actualize the sharing of normal information components and code components. (Mullins 1995) As of now, the more looked for after social database items are fusing an ever increasing number of complex highlights and segments to rearrange procedural rationale. Because of the multifaceted nature of todays social database, companies are changing the set up method of managing database the board work force. Customarily, as new highlights were added to the database, increasingly more duty fell on the DBA. With the development of the social database the executives framework (RDBMS), we are presently starting to see a change in the database head's role.(Mullins 1995) The structure of information get to schedules in social database requests extra cooperation from software engineers. The database overseer basically checks the framework's improvement decision, since innovation is answerable for building get to ways to the information. Program plan and standard inquiry language (SQL) devices have become fundamental necessities for the database manager to do this work. In any case, this innovation requires extra oversight and numerous DBAs are not able in SQL examination and execution observing. The database chairman needed to figure out how to ace the abilities of utilization rationale and programming procedures. (Mullins 1995) The database chairman's set of working responsibilities and duties have changed

How to Write the Northeastern Supplement 2018-2019 TKG

How to Write the Northeastern Supplement 2018-2019 EDIT: We called Northeastern. They took this supplement off their application as of 10/8/18, which we think is unfair to students who did the work and confusing to everyone in general. At the very least there should have been a notice on Common App. The only reason we can think of for Northeastern doing this is that they weren’t satisfied with their preliminary number of applicants so they decided to make their application easier. We’re not impressed. A private research university in Boston, Northeastern is known for its professional co-op program, through which the vast majority of students engage in jobs and internships before graduation. The acceptance rate is about 27 percent.   Please briefly elaborate on one of your extracurricular activities or work experiences.  250 wordsAs we mentioned above, Northeastern puts a big emphasis on its co-op program. If you’re applying, you should know by now that the school integrates academics with real-world experience to give students a jump-start in professional development. As such, Northeastern values work experience of applicants in a way that other universities do not. This is the time to highlight that experience in your own life. Northeastern doesn’t want to know that you performatively volunteered as a reading tutor six times over the last four years, but they actually do want to hear about that job you had as a summer assistant to a prosecutor in your town. One cautionary note: unfortunately, universities don’t quite hold blue-collar or service industry experience in the esteem they do fancy internships and research work. This tends to make building a competitive resume more difficult for high schoolers who come from less-affluent backgrounds. However, consider that Northeastern will value whatever work experience you have more so than other schools will, so use that to your advantage. Tuition is not charged for co-op, which is also pretty interesting. You still have to pay room and board if you choo se to live on campus while you’re working, and tuition for the academic portion of a student’s time at Northeastern is pretty pricy, but on the whole, Northeastern is more cost-conscious than other schools. Need help with your college essays? Reach out to us here. We are experts in helping students write impressive essays.

Critique of Research Study - 1431 Words

Abstract This paper will review and critique Hesss quantitative study of vascular access improvement in pediatric population by using a vein viewing device. The author utilized a prospective, non-randomized study at a tertiary care center. The sample of the study included 150 procedures in the control group and 91 procedures in the experimental group from the ages 0 to 17 years. The primary aim of the study was to increase the first-attempt success rate of venipuncture and decrease procedure time for the study population. Problem and Purpose The author of this study reveals the widespread problem of the venipuncture among the pediatric population and clearly states the purpose of the study. Hess (2010) associated the failure of†¦show more content†¦It is unclear why researcher measures three different time categories: less than 15 minutes, 15 to 30 minutes, or over 30 minutes, but at the end reports procedure time as a 15 minutes and longer. Secondly, Hess states an additional variable -number of nurses involved in procedure (Hess, 2010). However, this variable was never analyzed or evaluated. Additionally, Hess states about extemporaneous comments from nurses, patients, and families. It is not clear if these comments were incorporated in the nurse-report data and how they influenced the outcomes. Data Analysis The author uses the statistical package (SPSS v.16) in order to compare and analyze data of the control and the experimental groups. The statistical tests described in the Method section or Data analysis paragraph but in the Result section. Results The author found a significant increase in first-attempt success rate, a decrease in mean number of attempt per patient and a higher percentage of completing the procedure within 15 min all in favor for using the Vein viewer. As it was discussed earlier, the study has a major weakness as a mismatch of the mean age between two study groups. In order to even out such difference Hess clusters samples of both groups into three different age categories and later re-analyzed the data with regards of the age control. However, the author fails to presents the actual number of each sub-categories. Therefore, there is noShow MoreRelatedCritique Of A Research Study2122 Words   |  9 Pages Critique of a Research Study Stacy Shaffer PSY326 Instructor Nowlin April 27, 2015 Critique of a Research Study I. Introduction The purpose of this article is to critique the article â€Å"Factors Involved in Recovery from Schizophrenia: A Qualitative Study of Thai Mental Health Nurses†, (Kaewprom, Curtis Deane, 2011). Through qualitative research, the authors of this article aimed to answer the question of what factors are present in the recovery from schizophrenia. In recent years, ThailandRead MoreCritique Of A Research Study1803 Words   |  8 PagesExcelsior College M7A1: Critique of a Research Study This paper critiques â€Å"Patient Education in Rural Community Hospitals: Registered Nurses Attitudes and Degrees of Comfort† (Jones, 2010). The study’s purpose, the author stated, was to look at how certain variables affected registered nurses’ attitudes toward and comfort with educating their patients (p. 43). Jones also said that one aspect of the research’s purpose was to check how attitudes affected how information was transmitted toRead MoreA Critique On Research : A Nurse Led Intervention Study2067 Words   |  9 Pages A CRITIQUE ON RESEARCH: A NURSE-LED INTERVENTION STUDY: PROMOTING COMPLIANCE WITH DISKUS INHALER USE IN ASTHMA PATIENTS. PRATIKSHA SHRESTHA U1068356 RESEARCH METHODS OF NURSING NUR2300 DATE SUBMITTED: 03/06/2016 SUBMITTED TO DR LISA BECCARIA MR JOHAN WIESNER AND PROFESSOR DIANE DUFF INTRODUCTION Throughout the 21st century, the role of the nurse has evolved drastically. While nurses have different roles and responsibility the primary goal is to provide the quality care for theRead More Research Critique of Study on Newborn Temperature Regulation1453 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The authors (Chiu, Anderson, amp; Burkhammer, 2005) of the article present all the essential components of the research study. There will be a decrease in temperature in the newborn if having difficulties breastfeeding while having skin-to-skin contact with the mother. That was the inferred hypothesis. The method used to gather the information was a pretest-test-posttest study design and the sample consisted of 48 full-term infants. The key findings showed most infants reached and maintainedRead MoreResearch Critique Part 2 Quantitative Study845 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of a Quantitative Study Introduction Research analyzing is a process in which a research undergoes a careful examination for its strength and weakness. Analyzing a research gives the nurse a chance to know the credibility of the study, its findings to see the evidence base for practice or utilization or application of the findings into the care practice. This paper is about analysis of a research conducted in relation to wound care in primary health care. This research took place in StockholmRead MoreNur518 R7 Quantitative Article Analysis Worksheet Nc Essay1065 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Quantitative Article Analysis Worksheet Analyze and critique a quantitative nursing research article from a nursing research journal published within the past five years. Include 3 scholarly references—the article, the text, and one outside source. Use the Guidelines for Quantitative Nursing Research Critique to complete the following steps: 1. State the purpose of the study and identify the problem. Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) often require enteralRead MoreNrs-433v Week 4 Benchmark - Research Critique Part 2709 Words   |  3 PagesNRS-433V Week 4 Benchmark - Research Critique Part 2 To purchase this tutorial visit here: http://mindsblow.us/question_des/NRS-433VWeek4Benchmark-ResearchCritiquePart2/2855 contact us at: help@mindblows.us NRS-433V Week 4 Benchmark - Research Critique Part 2 Prepare a critical analysis of a quantitative study focusing on protection of human participants, data collection, data management and analysis, problem statement, and interpretation of findings. The quantitative research article can be from yourRead MoreCritical Analysis of the Article Transforming Workplace Relationships1134 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyze Critique State the purpose of the study and identify the problem. In the article, Macphee (2010) is studying the impact that leadership is having on a health care environment. This is designed to identify the best practices and help nurses to implement these concepts. The problem that is being studied is: how most facilities have their own policies and procedures (which will have an impact on quality). To determine the best practices, actuaries are focusing on what attributes can improveRead MoreQuantitative Critique Essay1200 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CRITIQUE 1 Quantitative Research Critique By Elisabeth Bryant A Paper Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for NU 533 Advanced Nursing Research University of South Alabama College of Nursing Spring 2011 QUANTITATIVE CRITIQUE 2 Quantitative Research Critique This is a critique of the quantitative research article titled Influence of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes on Gluconeogenesis and Glucose Output in Humans studied by Amelia GastaldelliRead MoreCritique Steps (Understanding Quantitative Research)1258 Words   |  6 PagesOUTLINE OF BASIC CRITIQUE STEPS (understanding quantitative research): Brink and Wood (1994), and Burnes and Groves (1997), similarly describe the steps for quantitative nursing research process and methods. The authors include not only the basic steps to conduct nursing studies, but also translating the studies into articles for publication. According to Burnes Groves (1997), and Hamric and Spross (1992), the quantitative research method is used to describe or gain more information, test relationships

case study Leonardo Bridge Project Essay - 1280 Words

When Leonardo da Vinci designed a 240 meters bridge it would have been the longest bridge in the world. His plan was ambitious. In 1502, a skeptical sultan rejected Leonardos design as impossible, but 300 years civilization finally embraced the engineering principle - arches as supports - underlying the construction. The bridge has been constructed, in Norway. Now instead of spanning the Bosporus , his visionary creation was destined to span 500 years as a bridge to another millennium. Vebjorn Sand, the man behind the modern project, has a site with images and details. http://www.vebjorn-sand.com/thebridge.htm Leonardo Bridge Project In 1502 Leonardo da Vinci did a simple drawing of a graceful bridge with a single span of†¦show more content†¦Numerous sites were considered all over Norway until the right one was found in the township of Ã…s spanning E-18, the highway linking Oslo and Stockholm. Fundraising for the project also became a major responsibility for Sand. The next five years required the ability to sustain the vision while building coalitions to undertake the construction of what the Norwegian press would call quot;Vebjà ¸rn Sands Leonardo Project.quot; The Norwegian Leonardo Bridge Project did not easily fall into place. Vebjà ¸rn Sands celebrity in Norway rests on his reputation as a young painter of considerable ability who gleefully joined the public debate over the issue of the dominant Modernist orthodoxy. Sand supports rigorous technical mastery required of classical art training. The Norwegian art academies no longer taught those skills. As the Leonardo Bridge Project developed, this debate continued to grow more heated in the Norwegian press. Sands conceptual tribute to the Renaissance thinkers, and Leonardos vision, came under scathing criticism. Some said the bridge belonged in Disneyland; others accused Vebjà ¸rn Sand of being a fascist. Conceptually, Vebjà ¸rn Sand sees the project as a vivid meeting between the functional and esthetical worlds. It is a reminder that the technology the human race has come to consider a necessary part of daily life, was possible only by the deep faith theShow MoreRelatedLeonardo Da Vinci Essay1995 Words   |  8 Pagesinfluenced and revolutionized the modern world as Leonardo da Vinci has. His works in Arts, Science, Engineering and many others has influenced many people in their respective fields. His works in Engineering such as the designing of a machine that can fly has gone on to influence the Wright brothers who invented the airplane. His research in Anatomy and other biological works has made pathways for surgeons, doctors, and many scientists in their research. Leonardo Da Vincis paintings are considered to beRead MoreExploring The Different Values Placed On Art Works Essay9463 Words   |  38 Pagesvalues placed on art works Mona Lisa – Leonardo Da Vinci 1506 - The Mona Lisa, 1503 - 1506, painted on poplar wood (77 x 53cm) with oil paint. This composition was created by Leonardo Da Vinci, a Quattrocento artist of the Italian Renaissance between the years of 1503 - 1506. The Mona Lisa is unquestionably acclaimed, with great artistic merit and value, to be the most highly revered, renowned painting. This form of art is a portrait, in which Leonardo Da Vinci has painted ‘une donna vera’ inRead More Creativity and Machine Design Essay3198 Words   |  13 Pagesequations and assembly lines. In reality, the design process can be very creative. While the process behind designing a machine is creative, it should be noted though that eventually engineers were going to design robots to perform these tasks. Leonardo Da Vinci sketched early ideas for a helicopter in the thirteenth century, which only became a reality in twentieth century. Robotic maids that can clean the house was a futuristic idea that was seen in the 1960s cartoon The Jetsons, but the ideaRead MoreEssay PROJECT PLANNING AND EVALUATION4731 Words   |  19 Pagesï » ¿PROJECT PLANNING AND EVALUATION (under the Guidance and Supervision of Prof. Limuel C. Cirineo, Ed.D) I. INTRODUCTION: Before anyone is going to do something, there is nothing as sensible as planning. A plan as we know is something thought about and chalked out in advance before the real action takes place and is actually a recipe for success. But then, the word plan does not need much of a definition. It has been used so much that it has become quite hackneyed. So, we all know what itRead MoreCompilation of Mathematicians and Their Contributions11615 Words   |  47 Pages3.3.3 Aristotle Birthdate: 384 B.C. Died: 322 BC (aged 61 or 62) Nationality: Greek Contributions: * Founded the Lyceum * His biggest contribution to the field of mathematics was his development of the study of logic, which he termed analytics, as the basis for mathematical study. He wrote extensively on this concept in his work Prior Analytics, which was published from Lyceum lecture notes several hundreds of years after his death. * Aristotles Physics, which contains a discussionRead MoreMaster Thesis Topic18078 Words   |  73 PagesCorporate finance and governance of Dutch firms in the 20th century 19 Master Thesis topic 13: The Governance of Banks 20 Master Thesis topic 14: Asset pricing and the economic risk factors 21 Master Thesis topic 15: Greener Pastures for Investing: the Case of Emerging Markets 22 Master Thesis topic 16: Understanding the global financial crisis: causes, real consequences, and lessons 23 Master Thesis topic 17: The firm’s financial advisor selection with corporate finance decisions 24 Master ThesisRead MoreHistory of Firewall18739 Words   |  75 Pagespurchasing a personal ï ¬ rewall. Rather than trying to secure the underlying operating system, these ï ¬ rewalls simply prevent some types of communication. Such ï ¬ rewalls are often used in homes and on laptops when they are outside their normal ï ¬ rewall. In this case, the trust boundary is the network interface of the machine. Preventing access to information:. A second example of protecting a network is the use of national ï ¬ rewalls, for example, China [McKay 1998]. This ï ¬ rewall exists not to protect them fromRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you nee d to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 597 CASE STUDIES ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extendRead MoreKey Functions of Airlines18082 Words   |  73 Pagessupport functions of the air carriers. This Module has been divided into the following chapters 1 Airlines functional activities This chapter covers the function of the airlines and its product. It also studies the main operating department their function and also the other associated departments which are essential for the smooth operation It also covers the airport functions pertaining to commercial and technical activities. 2. The structure

Understanding The Formation, Transmission, And...

Meaning and understanding is a crucial component of human communication. From a philosophical perspective, meaning can broadly be defined as the way in which the relationship of an object, idea, or word is understood – of the object’s â€Å"application to things in the world†, and how one should react to its presence or presentation (Honderich 2005). Cultural meaning refers to this form of comprehension of the significance of cultural artifacts: of cultural traditions, religion, language, objects, and documents. This relationship of understanding can be summarized into one between the signified and the signifier - where the cultural artifact is the signifier, signifying a number of perceived facts, ideas, and emotion. These relationships, however, are not intrinsic within an artifact itself; they are socially constructed, shaped by the environment, and informed by external sources. In this essay, I will explore the formation, transmission, and transformation of c ultural meaning within societies, and how they interact with physical and socioeconomic environments. Through drawing examples from the study of Aboriginal cultures, I will explore the advantages and pitfalls of cultural meaning. To understand the effects of external and environmental influence, we must first consider how cultural meaning is created in the first place. From an evolutionary point of view, the formation of basic culture is often linked with survival and the environment – beliefs and traditional ways ofShow MoreRelatedCorrelation Between Mass Media And Digital Media Essay1890 Words   |  8 Pagescharacterises and understanding of digital media (Latzer, 2013). Convergence adequately describes the relationship between mass media and digital media. Mass media refers to ability to communicate openly and internationally to many receivers within a limited amount of time. The latest digital forms have expanded speed, capacity, and transmission efficiently of mass me dia platforms (Mcquail, 2000). According to Jenkins (2006) convergence describes the technological, industrial, cultural and social changesRead More The Social Impact of Digital Media Essay2333 Words   |  10 Pagesencourages participation as well as a sense of community when compared to traditional forms of media. Its self sufficiency not only provides information an arena to build and grow, but also offers it the basic tools and materials for construction within its framework. The instant gratification syndrome is one of the major reasons why the internet has become so popular today. A digitally enabled device can help you find a route via GPS anywhere, set up a professional business or search for informationRead More Harbermas Theory on Social Labor and Communicative Action Essays3277 Words   |  14 Pagesand that he conceptualizes such labor as outside social labor. Regarding (b), I argue that while Habermass system/lifeworld distinction in the context of historical materialism makes possible a more comple x interpretation of Marx and Engels understanding of the basic components of social labor, his theory of communicative action-like his proposal for reconstructing historical materialism-reproduces the Marxian exclusion of female labor from social labor. In contemporary philosophy and socialRead More The Formation of Muslim Identity in Europe Essay4285 Words   |  18 Pagesbelief is that religion is the defining element. This is only partly true. Religion is only part of the picture, the normally secondary elements of class, gender and national belonging need to be examined. The issues of religion and identity formation can be explored thusly: differing concepts of religion and Islam should be considered to see how they have present particular frameworks. It is important to note that immigrants have identities other than those associated with their religion. Read MoreIdentity And The Search For The Self Among The Sub Continental Diaspora10173 Words   |  41 Pagesit continues to propel our thought. Etymologically, the term is derived from Latin word ‘Idem’ meaning ‘same’ (Oxford Online Dictionary) which means ‘specific quality or condition of being a specific person or an object†. A pers on’s identity is determined in terms of his/her inherited traditions, particularly the inherited religion of the community in which they happen to be born, the place and society, gender, features and last but not the least the colour of the skin. (Amartya Sen, Identity andRead MoreGlobalization Is The Process Of International Integration6873 Words   |  28 Pagesother aspects of culture. Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the telegraph and its development the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities. Though scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times, others trace its history long before the European Age of Discovery and voyages to the New World. Some even trace the origins to the third millennium BCE. Large-scaleRead MoreAll About Peace Education13195 Words   |  53 PagesMLSM College ; Sundernagar; Mandi (H.P) âž ¢ INTRODUCTION: Education shall be directed toward the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. Article 26, The Universal Declaration of Human RightsRead MoreThe Implication of Paulo Freires Banking Concept to the 8.4.4 System of Education in Kenya9634 Words   |  39 Pages iii ABSTRACT Education in any form, traditional or modern, shapes the destiny of society. Today, education is considered the critical soft-ware for development. But for it to play this role effectively there must be a cadre of competent teachers who have the zeal to see the learners fully grasp the contents presented and a curriculumRead MoreCOM3702 Portfolio10930 Words   |  44 Pagesand the electronic communication means were seen as too important to be left to the free market and individual initiative. The various means of communication were seen as economic entities with large strategic industrial and economic importance for society. The public communications system was also seen as clearly less important than the national interest. Early communication tool in South Africa were strategically seen as important tools of colonisation. Through public communication the values andRead MoreDefination of Globalisation12291 Words   |  50 PagesGlobalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition Abstract Many authors have attempted, with relative success, to define globalization in a variety of ways. Some claim that it cannot be done, others claim that it would constrain the meaning to do so, and still others have defied these two beliefs and have constructed a working definition. Despite differing opinions about developing a definition, all authors agree on one thing: that defining this term is anything but easy. This paper

Confidentiality and Minors free essay sample

Confidentiality is an essential component to the counseling process. It allows for the client to build a trustful relationship with the counselor. â€Å" Counselors regard the promise of confidentiality to be essential for the development of client trust† (Glosoff Pate, 2002). Most individuals that seek counseling services assume that what is discussed in the counseling sessions with the counselor will be kept in confidence with limited exceptions. These exceptions become a complex balancing act for the counselor especially when their clients are minors. Confidentiality is a widely held ethical standard a variously accorded legal right of clients and responsibility of counselors (American Counseling Association, 2005: American School Counseling Association, 2010). According to the Ethical Standards for School Counselors and the Code of Ethics and Standards for Counseling (2010), both specify that counselors are ethically required to take appropriate action and breach confiden tiality in certain circumstances involving minors. Counselors are required to breach confidentiality if there is imminent danger to self and others, if there is suspected child abuse or neglect or to protect a vulnerable client from danger. There are other limitations to confidentiality and minors as well. Some of these limitations involve parents and their right to know what is happening in counseling sessions between the therapist and their child. This problem is one that schools counselors and clinical therapists must face when counseling minors. Counselors in both clinical and school settings are faced with ethical issues with regards to confidentiality each time they encounter a client that is a minor. School Counselors have a variety of roles and responsibilities to students, teachers, parents and administrators (Iyer, McGregor Connor, 2010). According to the American School Counseling Association (2004), it is the responsibility of the school counselor to help a child develop effective coping skills, identify personal strengths and assets, recognize and express feelings and provide a foundation for the child’s personal and social growth as he or she progresses from school to adulthood as apart of the process. School Counselors must collaborate with all persons involved with the minor in this process, which usually includes the parents and teachers. School Counselors are also sometimes asked to be apart of child study teams within the school, which can be very beneficial to the students and those involved in their lives. School Counselors must follow the American School Counseling Association’s ethical standards for School Counselors regarding confidentiality. In beginning sessions between the client and the school counselor confidentiality should be discussed and the conditions in which it may have to be breached. According to Lazovsky (2010), The management of student confidentiality has been described as the primary ethical dilemma of school counselors. There are various ethical and legal issues that arise for School Counselors when dealing with confidentiality. School Counselors are required ethically to report when a student engages in clear and imminent danger to themselves or others. Some school counselors base their decision to breach confidentiality on how imminent the danger is that is being presented by the situation. â€Å"Most counselors would agree parents should be informed of drug experimentation by an 8 year old. Many however, would disagree to tell parents that a 16 year old client reported occasional experimentation with marijuana† (Glosoff Pate, 2002). This example shows that school counselors should use discretion when deciding to breach confidentiality. These two minor clients are different but each situation has a variety of ways that it could be handled. According to Lazovky (2008), school counselors are advised to consult with supervisors and colleagues before making decisions based on breaching confidentiality. They should also know their state policies and laws in the school jurisdiction. Another ethical and legal issue that can arise for school counselors counseling minors in relation to confidentiality is the disclosure of student provided information to parents. Privileged communication is apart of confidentiality. Privileged communication allows for clients to ask counselors to keep their communications and records of their counseling sessions confidential. Privilege belongs to the client and the counselor asserts privilege for the client. According to Glosoff (2002), the already complex issue of privileges communication for school counselors is made even more complex by who has the privilege when counseling a minor. Parents of minors rather than minor clients are assumed to control privilege. School Counselors are sometimes subpoenaed for court appearances when the parent’s do not agree on whether the counselors presence is necessary in the testimony or a parental custody dispute may be the heart of the legal proceeding. The ACA and ASCA recognize that school counselors have limits to their ability to protect client confidences. School Counselors must not only be mindful of their ethical duties but cooperate with any laws that that apply to them as well. The Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) establishes that parents control the rights of students under the age of 18 (Iyer, McGregor Connor, 2010). This includes any of the student’s records such as grades, awards and date of birth. Decisions about the release of these records are based under exceptions under FERPA and also the parent’s consent. However, most records regarding the student are held in safe places where other school officials do not have or need access. Another law that school counselors must keep in mind is HIPAA. This law was enacted to protect patient’s health information. In relation to school counselors, the student’s medical records are being protected. The issue of confidentiality in Child Study Teams has become an ethical dilemma for many school counselors. The school counselor must decide on what to disclose and what information to inquire about based on each member’s rights and responsibilities. Deciding what to reveal and what to keep confidential can be a hard and difficult task for school counselors. Clinical Therapists face many ethical and legal issues with regards to confidentiality as well. Clinical Therapists are different from School Counselors in their role with minors because the only stakeholder involved with the therapist in most cases is the parent. According to Ellis (2009), minor’s right to confidentiality is an area at times, which ethics and the law are in conflict. One of these ethical dilemmas arises in the area client privilege. In the case of minors, this privilege extends to the parents who act as representatives to their dependent children. Clinical Therapist struggle with maintaining confidentiality for their minor clients especially when the law is on the side of the parents because they have the right to know. Stone Issacs (2003) suggest that in order to deal with ethical issues regarding confidentiality and minors therapists should prepare a written professional services agreement which provides details on the limits and conditions of confidentiality. At this point the parent can be involved in their child’s treatment in various ways. One of the ways that parents can be involved is through periodical family sessions. In the clinical counseling setting, there are often conflicts between duties of confidentiality and the need to share information with parents or other agencies that provide care for a child or adolescent. There can also be ethical conflicts between duties of confidentiality, grounded in respect for patient autonomy, and both statutory and moral obligations to report child abuse, which are grounded in duties of care and protection (Kaplan, 2005). One issue which troubles some clinical therapists is a statutory obligation to report consensual sexual relationships that adolescents are engaged in with adults irrespective of whether they are clinically judged to be abusive, because they can be framed in many child protection statutes or guidance as constituting abuse. (Ellis, 2009). There are some similarities between confidentiality and counseling minors in both school and clinical settings. One similarity is that in both settings counselors must follow the same ethical guidelines for breaching confidentiality. Breaching confidentiality is allowed by ethical codes in special or extreme circumstances (Lazovsky, 2008). In both settings counselors must carefully deliberate over the circumstances that are presented to them by the minor client in the counseling sessions. The counselor should then decide whether or not to breach confidentiality. This ethical dilemma is a difficult issue that many counselors are faced with in both clinical and school settings. Another similarity between counseling minors in both school and clinical settings is that counselors must often consult with other staff members in both settings for the benefit of the children that they serve. It is important for counselors to educate other non-mental health staff members that they must keep confidential any personal information they learn about children as a result of their professional positions (Rehmley Herley, 2010). If any information were to be disclosed outside of the school or clinical settings, it could be lead to grounds for a lawsuit. There are some differences between confidentiality and counseling minors in both school and clinical settings as well. One difference is that counselors in clinical settings encounter fewer ethical issues around confidentiality and minors because parents usually have given legal consent for the counselor to work with the client. However in the school setting, Rehmley Herley (2010) state that the counselor often does not have a legal obligation to obtain parental permission before counseling students unless there is a federal or state statute to the contrary. Another difference between confidentiality and minors in the school and clinical setting is in the clinical setting the counseling process may be limited to the counselor, the minor client and the parents. Most minor clients who are placed in clinical treatment facilities will be unable to make crucial decisions for themselves. The privilege of informed consent will be given to the parent and the parent will operate in the child’s best interests (Glosoff Pate, 2002). Counselors in both clinical and school settings find the ethical and legal issues of confidentiality difficult because there are constant conflicts between the law and ethics. One issue that counselors find causes tension between law and ethics is whether children have the right to enter into a counseling relationship without parental consent. According to Rehmley Herley (2010), every child has a moral right to privacy in the counseling relationship. Kaplan (2005) believes that children should have the same rights to confidentiality as adult clients. However, counselors constantly struggle between the ethical obligation of privacy to their minor clients and their legal obligation to the parents of the same minor clients to keep their child protected and safe. There are some ways that counselors are able to deal with these ethical and legal dilemmas regarding confidentiality and minors. One recommendation that was made by Iyer, Baxter-McGregor Connor (2010) is to develop and maintain a strong informed consent policy. Informed consent is a process that is an ongoing process and should begin before the counseling process begins. According to Glosoff Pate (2002), it is beneficial in both settings to develop a written informed consent policy so that it can be given to parents and anyone else who is involved in the clients counseling process. This is beneficial because all parties involved in the process will know about confidentiality and also what to expect. Another recommendation that was suggested by Iyer, Baxter-McGregor Connor (2010) is to educate all members that are involved in the minor client’s counseling process about the importance of confidentiality. In this way there will be a reduction in the likelihood of difficult situations posed by ethical dilemmas developing in the first place. An explanation of confidentiality would be a great addition to an orientation to parents, teachers or other non-mental health professionals. They would know what to expect with regards to confidentiality in counseling sessions with minors. Another suggestion that was discussed in the literature in relation to ethical and legal dilemmas regarding confidentiality and minors is to send out educational newsletters and emails. This suggestion takes a proactive stance towards the ethical and legal issue of confidentiality and minors and it helps to avoid the possible ethical dilemma before it occurs (Glosoff Pate, 2002). Some possible items that could be included in these newsletters or emails may be a definition of confidentiality, one’s informed consent policy, state regulations or law’s regarding confidentiality and a summary of ASCA’s and ACA’s ethics statements for counselors. Lastly, another suggestion that was discussed in the literature in relation to ethical and legal dilemmas regarding confidentiality and minors is for counselors to develop a strong network of professionals that counselors can confide in and ask advice when they encounter an ethical dilemma (Iyer, Baxter-McGregor Connor 2010; Glosoff Pate, 2002). This network may include school psychologists, local psychologists, counseling professionals and any who works within a similar field. According to Iyer, Baxter-McGregor Connor (2010), a counselor may use a common framework such Kitchener’s five moral principles regarding ethical decision making. The five moral principal’s are autonomy, justice (fairness), beneficence (doing good), non-maleficence (doing no harm) and fidelity (keeping promises). Another ethical decision making model that can be followed is by Forester-Miller and Davis which is to 1) Identify the problem, 2) Apply one’s professional code of ethics, 3) Determine the nature and decisions of the dilemma, 4) Generate potential courses of action, 5) Consider the potential consequences of all options and choose a course of action 6) Evaluate the selected course of action and 7) Implement the course of action. Counselors in both clinical and school setting have a tremendous amount of responsibility to uphold when they are counseling minors. The ethical and legal issues that arise for this group can sometimes differ and also be contradictory to each other. It is the responsibility of the counselors to prepare themselves and all parties involved in the counseling process with the knowledge that is necessary in regards to confidentiality and minors. In many cases when the counselor is left to choose the right course of action in regards to confidentiality, the outcome will inevitable benefit the client.